What Is The Relationship Between Stratospheric Levels Of Atomic Chlorine And Ozone?
What is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone? As chlorine increases ozone decreases. [Chlorine (from CFCs) is the cause of the ozone holes.]
Which contributes most to stratospheric ozone depletion?
How chlorine atoms in CFC cl2 gas depletes the ozone O3 levels in stratosphere?
When the molecule of chlorine monoxide (ClO) meets another molecule of oxygen (O) it breaks up releasing chlorine (Cl) which can “destroy” another molecule of ozone (O3) creating the catalytic cycle of chlorine.
What does stratospheric ozone do?
Stratospheric ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that filters the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This is typically regarded as ‘good’ ozone since it reduces the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth’s surface.
What effect has the Montreal Protocol had on the stratospheric ozone layer?
The Montreal Protocol has been successful in reducing ozone-depleting substances and reactive chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. As a result the ozone layer is showing the first signs of recovery.
How does chlorine destroy ozone?
When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the stratosphere they destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100 000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. … When they break down they release chlorine or bromine atoms which then deplete ozone.
How is good stratospheric ozone formed?
Stratospheric ozone is formed naturally through the interaction of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation with molecular oxygen (O2). The “ozone layer ” approximately 6 through 30 miles above the Earth’s surface reduces the amount of harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.
What are the reactions for stratospheric ozone depletion?
The destruction of ozone in Cycle 1 involves two sepa- rate chemical reactions. The net or overall reaction is that of atomic oxygen with ozone forming two oxygen molecules. The cycle can be considered to begin with either ClO or Cl. When starting with ClO the first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl.
What are the chlorine and bromine reaction that destroy stratospheric ozone?
Stratospheric ozone is destroyed by reactions involving reactive halogen gases which are produced in the chem- ical conversion of halogen source gases (see Figure Q8-1). The most reactive of these gases are chlorine monoxide (ClO) bromine monoxide (BrO) and chlorine and bromine atoms (Cl and Br).
What is the difference between stratospheric ozone and tropospheric ozone?
Unlike stratospheric ozone which forms naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays ground-level (or tropospheric) ozone is created through the interactions of man-made (and natural) emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and …
What are the causes and impacts of stratospheric ozone layer depletion?
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion. … The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are broken down by the ultraviolet radiations and release chlorine atoms. These atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
What are the causes and effects of stratospheric ozone depletion?
Explanation: Ozone depletion is primarily caused by human activities. The main effect of ozone depletion is an increase in UV-B rays reaching the earth’s surface. Causes : chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) halons and other compounds deplete the ozone layer.
What is the significance of Montreal Protocol and Kigali amendment to Montreal Protocol?
The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It is a legally binding agreement designed to create rights and obligations in international law.
How did the Montreal Protocol decreased ozone depletion?
The Montreal Protocol finalized in 1987 is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
What is Montreal Protocol and give the outcome of Montreal Protocol?
How do polar stratospheric clouds form?
PSCs are clouds that form when water vapor enters the stratosphere and when temperatures are cold enough for water vapor to condense there. During the winter the high latitudes receive very little to no solar radiation so temperatures drop significantly during this period known as polar night.
What is the role of ice crystals in stratospheric clouds in destruction of ozone?
Clouds of ice crystals called “polar stratospheric clouds” form in the upper atmosphere. These ice crystals are bad news for ozone. The crystals provide a surface for a chemical reaction that changes chlorine in molecules that do not affect ozone (such as hydrogen chloride) into more active forms that do destroy ozone.
What is one of the most serious results of damage to the stratospheric ozone layer?
Stratospheric ozone loss can result in potential harm to human health and the environment including: increased incidence of skin cancer and cataracts. immune system system damage. damage to terrestrial and aquatic plant life.
What’s the difference between stratospheric and tropospheric ozone quizlet?
What is the difference between stratospheric and tropospheric ozone? … Stratospheric ozone protects Earth from harmful UV radiation. Tropospheric ozone = smog (toxic). This is all measured throughout the atmosphere vertically in a “column” in Dobson Units (300 DU on average which is equal to one layer about 3mm thick).
What is the difference between ambient and stratospheric ozone?
What is the difference between ambient and stratospheric ozone? … The ambient ozone is a criteria air pollutant that impacts both human morbidity and mortality while the stratospheric ozone absorbs the sun’s UV radiations. However the stratospheric ozone is being destroyed by chlorine-based aerosols.
How is ozone formed in the troposphere?
What is the chemical reaction that causes the formation of stratospheric ozone?
Ozone is formed when heat and sunlight cause chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOX ) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) which are also known as Hydrocarbons. This reaction can occur both near the ground and high in the atmosphere.
How is the stratospheric ozone produced and its destruction by Photodissociation?
Does ozone trap heat in the thermosphere?
Atmospheric ozone has two effects on the temperature balance of the Earth. It absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation which heats the stratosphere. It also absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface effectively trapping heat in the troposphere.
What is being done in the US to stop damage to the stratospheric ozone layer?
being done in the United States to stop damage to the stratospheric ozone layer. The Clean Air Act calls for the phase-out of CFC/HCFC production prohibits: refrigerant venting and requires the EPA to set standards for recovery recycling and reclamation of refrigerants.
What does ozone depletion potential or ODP ‘) measure?
Precisely ODP of a given substance is defined as the ratio of global loss of ozone due to the given substance to the global loss of ozone due to CFC-11 of the same mass. … ODP can be estimated from the molecular structure of a given substance.
Why does bromine destroy more ozone than chlorine?
Because of the higher concentration of O in the upper stratosphere it will react faster with ClO keeping ClO concentrations low. … 1-15 Explain why atom for atom stratospheric bromine destroys more ozone than chlorine. Both Cl and Br effectively react with ozone through mechanism I and II cycles.
What is the difference in the health effects of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone?
Exposure to ozone can increase the risk of bacteria such as pneumonia or bronchitis. So the short answer – ozone at the tropospheric level is bad. Stratospheric ozone on the other hand occurs much higher in the atmosphere and in a much higher concentration – but this is actually a good thing.
What are the differences between the troposphere and stratosphere?
The troposphere is the lowest level of the atmosphere so it is in contact with the Earth’s surface. In contrast the stratosphere is located above the troposphere so it is not in contact with the Earth’s surface. … The air density and air pressure are much lower in the stratosphere.
What effects can stratospheric ozone depletion have on the environment quizlet?
what are the effects of ozone depletion? The Impacts of Ozone Depletion. Stratospheric ozone filters out most of the sun’s potentially harmful shortwave ultraviolet (UV) radiation. If this ozone becomes depleted then more UV rays will reach the earth.
What are the causes of stratospheric pollution?
- The Burning of Fossil Fuels. …
- Industrial Emission. …
- Indoor Air Pollution. …
- Wildfires. …
- Microbial Decaying Process. …
- Transportation. …
- Open Burning of Garbage Waste. …
- Construction and Demolition.
What effects can stratospheric ozone depletion have on the environment EPA test?
Depletion of this layer by ozone depleting substances (ODS) will lead to higher UVB levels which in turn will cause increased skin cancers and cataracts and potential damage to some marine organisms plants and plastics.
What is the main reason for ozone depletion Mcq?
The correct answer is Chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) are responsible for ozone layer depletion. Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere.
How is ozone formed in the higher level of atmosphere damage to ozone layer is a cause of concern justify this statement?
Ozone is formed in upper atmosphere by the reaction of ultraviolet (UV) radiations on oxygen (O2) molecule. The damage to ozone layer is a cause of concern to us as due to its damage more ultraviolet rays reach the earth’s surface causing various health hazards.
Stratospheric Ozone
Climate 101: Ozone Depletion | National Geographic
Stratospheric Ozone – Chapman Cycle
Ozone Properties Mechanism and Destruction in Stratosphere